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Extracts from Studies on Antimicrobiol effects of essential oils

Twenty plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0.008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. .
Department of Microbiology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia

Methods and Results: Bergamot ethanolic fractions were tested to be effective against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Salmonella enterica), Significance and Impact of the Study: Bergamot peel is a potential source of natural antimicrobials that are active against Gram-negative bacteria.
J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec;103(6):2056-64

Thyme essential oil - studies have shown it effective against food-borne pathogens, namely Salmonella enteriditis, Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni, was tested. Also showed wide antibacterial activity against microbes with developed resistance to antibiotics such as MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faeciu

The Carrot essential oil ( Daucus carota L.) is reported antimicrobial against the human enteropathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Growth of all the C. jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacterlari strains tested, including one multidrug resistant C. jejuni, was inhibited to the same extent
J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 5;55(18):

Testing virgin coconut oil and fluconazole for inhibition on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida stellatoidea , and Candida krusei. C. albicans had the highest inhibition to coconut oil (100%), at 1:4 dilution, while fluconazole had same effect at 1:2 dilution. It is noteworthy that coconut oil was active against species of Candida at 100% concentration compared to fluconazole. Coconut oil should be used in the treatment of fungal infections in view of emerging drug-resistant Candida species.

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Staph Infections

Patients with atopic dermatitis exhibit increased susceptibility to cutaneous infections, especially pathological colonization with superantigen-secreting Staphylococcus aureus. Recent attention has been focused on antimicrobial peptides, especially on cathelicidin and human beta-defensin-2, which are under-expressed in atopic skin. Antimicrobial lipids from the stratum corneum are also major contributors to cutaneous antimicrobial defense. The major classes of stratum corneum lipids with antimicrobial activity are free fatty acids, glucosylceramides, and free sphingosines. Diminished levels of free sphingosines in the stratum corneum have recently been detected in atopic dermatitis and have been associated with the pathological colonization of atopic skin with Staphylococcus aureus. The superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B has been shown to reduce the suppressive effect of regulatory T cells on T-cell proliferation, thus augmenting T-cell activation in patients with atopic dermatitis. The killing of superantigen-secreting bacterial strains with topically applied antimicrobial lipids offers new antiseptic and immunomodulatory options for the treatment and secondary prevention of atopic dermatitis.
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2006 Feb;4(2):

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) often colonizes on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. It is known that superantigens which are staphylococcal enterotoxins can activate T cells without processing by antigen presenting cells. It has been suggested that activated T cells release various cytokines which may exacerbate or prolong the cutaneous inflammation associated with atopic dermatitis. Reduction of bacterial colonization from skin lesions (caused by S aureus) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, antimicrobial therapy using antibiotics may be a treatment option for atopic dermatitis in selected patients. in vitro tests to determine the action mechanism of antibiotics in the treatment of atopic dermatitis found that antibiotics with inhibitory effect on protein synthesis can suppress the production of superantigen.
On the other hand, the superantigen production was not suppressed by antibiotics having either the inhibitory effect on cell wall synthesis or on nucleic acid synthesis. Levels of the suppressive effect on superantigen production by S. aureus varied with strains tested in this study. Moreover, replication of DNA coding of superantigen produced by S. aureus was suppressed only by roxithromycin (ROX), which is a new macrolide. This finding suggests that ROX may have an effect at the gene level. These results suggested that the suppressive effects of antimicrobial agents that act as inhibitors of protein synthesis on superantigen production from S. aureus may be useful in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.

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